ВЕЖБЕ
Ovo je interaktivni deo elektronskog kursa Vodič kroz pregovore Srbije i Evropske unije. Sastoji se iz dva dela.
Prvi deo, pod naslovom Jezik pregovaranja, čini spisak korisnih fraza na engleskom jeziku, kviz o pregovaranju, saveti za pisanje uvodnog izlaganja, primeri upotrebe formalnog engleskog jezika i vežbe koje će Vam pružiti mogućnost da proverite svoja znanja. U određenim segmentima naići ćete na delove za koje smo smatrali da je dobro provežbati ih na engleskom jeziku.
Drugi deo čini test znanja o sadržaju pregovaračkih poglavlja, akterima, fazama, predmetu i principima pristupnih pregovora i on je, u celosti, na srpskom jeziku. Link >>
JEZIK PREGOVARANJA
KVIZ O PREGOVORIMA
Da li su sledeće tvrdnje tačne ili netačne? Molimo Vas, odgovorite na pitanje tako što ćete kliknuti na slovo T kada smatrate da je tvrdnja tačna ili na slovo N ako mislite da je netačna.
| 1. Dobar pregovarač provodi više vremena slušajući nego pričajući? |
| T / N |
| 2. Važnije je postići dogovor koji predstavlja paket (dogovor o svim temama), nego dogovarati teme pojedinačno. |
| T / N |
| 3. Treba se obazrivo dogovarati i slagati sa drugom državom ukoliko želimo da sačuvamo prijateljske odnose sa istom. |
| T / N |
| 4. Prihvatljivo je lagati tokom pregovora. |
| T / N |
| 5. Trebalo bi otkriti koji interesi se kriju iza (pregovaračke) pozicije druge strane. |
| T / N |
| 6. Važno je biti konstruktivan tokom pregovora i imati pisane predloge izmena i dopuna. |
| T / N |
FORMAL AND INFORMAL LANGUAGE
One of the challenges of attending formal negotiations lies in mastering the ability to move between shades of formal, neutral and informal language. As a general rule, Latin-based words are more formal than their Anglo-Saxon/Germanic counterparts.
U odgovarajuće kolone u tabeli ispod, postavite sledeće fraze tako što ćete upisati slovo pod kojim se nalazi ona fraza za koju smatrate da tu pripada.
MEETING PHRASES
Taking the floor
Formal:
Thank you, Madam Chair.
With the Chair’s permission, I would like to take up the point about…
Informal/neutral:
Can I just come in here?
Could I say something here, please?
Expressing an opinion
Formal:
My delegation considers that…
It is our view that…
Serbia believes that…
We are of the opinion that…
It would seem to us that…
Informal/neutral:
I believe (that)…
I think (that)….
In my opinion…
I feel that…
Showing interest in what the speaker is saying
Formal:
We note, with interest, the comments made by the former delegate…
We are interested to hear the views of the Latvian delegation.
Informal/neutral:
I see
Good point
Really?
Asking for repetition
Formal:
May we, through you Madam Chair, invite the Swedish delegation to reiterate their proposal?
We would be grateful if the Lithuanian delegate could repeat his last comment.
Informal/neutral:
Excuse me, could you please repeat that?
I’m sorry, but could you say that again?
Pardon?
Sorry, I didn’t quite catch what you said.
Asking for an explanation
Formal:
May we, through you Madam Chair, invite the Serbian delegation to elaborate on their last point?
Could the UK delegation please elaborate on the reasoning behind their proposal?
Informal/neutral:
Could you please explain that in a little more detail?
Could you please give me an example of what you mean?
Moving on
Formal:
That leads me, Mr Chairman, to my next point concerning…
That concludes my comments on item 1. May I now turn to the next issue, which is…
Informal/neutral:
Moving on to my next point…
Sorry, just one more thing…
LANGUAGE OF FORMAL INTERNATIONAL MEETINGS
Checklist
Address the Chair |
|
Congratulate/compliment the Chair |
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Take the floor/indicate that you have finished speaking |
|
Refer to another delegate |
|
Refer to your own delegation |
|
Agree with other delegates’ positions |
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Make a suggestion |
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Indicate that you are still dissatisfied with an issue and would like to pursue it further |
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Present your delegation’s position |
|
KAKO SE PIŠE UVODNO IZLAGANJE
Uvodna reč treba da:
- je kohezivna: različiti delovi teksta treba da se uklapaju/slažu,
- je struktuirana: logično organizovane misli je lakše pratiti,
- bude formalna i diplomatska,
- označi/nagovesti vašu, odnosno našu, pregovaračku poziciju – ne stavljajte sve karte na sto,
- označi prioritete vaše politike (politike Republike Srbije) i
- pripremi za kasnije intervencije.
Kada pišete uvodnu reč razmislite o:
- ciljevima i zadacima: šta želite da postignete?
- strukturiranju: kako najbolje da organizujete svoje ideje?
- paragrifaranju/podeli po pasusima: nova tema zahteva novi stav/novi pasus.
- fokusiranju: kako možete da istaknete ključne tačke?
- interkulturnim razlikama: budite svesni različitosti!
Obraćanje predsedavajućem
Tradicija je da na formalnim sastancima govornik izlaganje započne obraćanjem predsedavajućem. Radi uštede vremena, ova tradicija je prekinuta na mnogim sastancima i konferencijama, ali ne na svim. Važno je uspostaviti formu za sastanke kojima prisustvujete.
PRIMER: Izvod sa sastanka Saveta bezbednosti UN 2004. godine
President (China): I shall now give the floor to The Honourable Keith Desmond Knight, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Jamaica.
Mr. Knight (Jamaica): Allow me at the outset to express my congratulations to you, Sir, on your leadership of the Security Council during the month of February. Your diplomatic skills and gracious style have obviously ensured the smooth and effective handling of the various matters which have come before the Council. I had the pleasure of visiting your great country just over a week ago, and I was impressed by its progress and its economic development, as well as by its strong support for multilateralism and the international system. I wish to thank you and the Council for acting promptly on my request to convene this meeting, and I am pleased to see the Secretary-General, who I know has a keen interest in this matter.
Vi ćete možda biti deseti ili dvanaesti predstavnik/delegacija koji će izlagati nakon što su se sve prethodne delegacije obratile predsedavajućem. U tom slučaju možete upotrebiti sledeće fraze:
- Allow me at the outset to second the views expressed by the previous speaker, the distinguished delegate from ( ) on (your skillful handling of these issues etc.)
- The Serbian delegation would like to start by echoing the views expressed by the distinguished delegate from ( )
- In line with the previous speakers etc.
VEŽBA: Primer uvodnog izlaganja
Sledi primer skraćene verzije izlaganja južnoafričke delegacije u Savetu bezbednosti UN od marta 2004. godine. Popunite prazna mesta koristeći sledeće reči/fraze:
- therefore acknowledge
- would also like to thank
- I would like to convey
- My delegation agrees with that principle
- with all the necessary scrutiny
- is encouraged by
- However
- has made significant progress
- be taken into account
- supports
- is also commendable
- At the same time
The President(spoke in French): I now call on the representative of South Africa.
Mr. Kumalo(South Africa): ……………………….my delegation’s appreciation to you, Mr.President, for convening this important debate on threats to international peace and security caused by terrorist acts. I ……………………….Ambassador Arias of Spain for the exemplary manner in which he has chaired the Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC).
My delegation …………………..the efforts to make the CTC more proactive in facilitating the provision of technical assistance to Member States and in promoting closer coordination and cooperation with relevant international organizations (full stop)……………., we believe it would be important for the Council to acknowledge, on behalf of Member States, the great lengths already gone to by many Governments around
the world in bringing their national legislation in line with the requirements of the Security Council. We believe it is necessary that those factors …………….when deliberations on any new counter-terrorism measures are being considered.
South Africa ………….the approach always followed by the CTC — that of adopting decisions by consensus. The Committee’s practice of promoting cooperation and dialogue among sovereign and equal Member States …………….and should continue to inform the Committee’s work.
The South African Government ………………..in further refining and improving
its national counter-terrorism capabilities, and comprehensive new counter-terrorism legislation is currently before our Parliament (full stop). …………., we are well aware that terrorism is a complex global phenomenon that can often be linked with other forms of organized transnational crime. We ………………that it can be addressed effectively only through sustained international cooperation. That would include the need to resolve conflicts in all parts of the globe and a joint commitment by the international community to eradicate poverty and underdevelopment.
………………………………, and we affirm that it is necessary to abide by it. International consensus on Security Council resolution 1373 (2001) and the work that has been done are a matter of prime importance that should not be neglected, regardless of any wish to do so. We also agree with paragraph 3 of the report, which relates to the objectives of revitalization. We hope that Council members will discuss that paragraph…………………………...
Thank you Mr President.
Primer uvodnog izlaganja u celosti
The President (spoke in French): I now call on the representative of South Africa.
Mr. Kumalo (South Africa): I would like to convey my delegation’s appreciation to you, Mr.President, for convening this important debate on threats to international peace and security caused by terrorist acts. I would also like to thank Ambassador Arias of Spain for the exemplary manner in which he has chaired the Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC).
My delegation is encouraged by the efforts to make the CTC more proactive in facilitating the provision of technical assistance to Member States and in promoting closer coordination and cooperation with relevant international organizations. At the same time, we believe it would be important for the Council to acknowledge, on behalf of Member States, the great lengths already gone to by many Governments around the world in bringing their national legislation in line with the requirements of the Security Council. We believe it is necessary that those factors be taken into account when deliberations on any new counter-terrorism measures are being considered.
South Africa supports the approach always followed by the CTC — that of adopting decisions by consensus. The Committee’s practice of promoting cooperation and dialogue among sovereign and equal Member States is also commendable and should continue to inform the Committee’s work.
The South African Government has made significant progress in further refining and improving its national counter-terrorism capabilities, and comprehensive new counter-terrorism legislation is currently before our Parliament. However, we are well aware that terrorism is a complex global phenomenon that can often be linked with other forms of organized transnational crime. We therefore acknowledge that it can be addressed effectively only through sustained international cooperation. That would include the need to resolve conflicts in all parts of the globe and a joint commitment by the international community to eradicate poverty and underdevelopment.
My delegation agrees with that principle, and we affirm that it is necessary to abide by it. International consensus on Security Council resolution 1373 (2001) and the work that has been done are a matter of prime importance that should not be neglected, regardless of any wish to do so. We also agree with paragraph 3 of the report, which relates to the objectives of revitalization. We hope that Council members will discuss that paragraph with all the necessary scrutiny.
Thank you Mr President.
LANGUAGE WORKSHOP
Koje rečenice su tačne, po Vašem mišljenju? Zaokružite onu za koju smatrate da je ispravna tako što ćete kliknuti na slovo ispred nje.
(a) This case sets an important precedent.
(b) This case sets an important precedence.
(c) This amendment implies change.
(d) This amendment applies change.
(e) I refer to the article 3.
(f) I refer to article 3.
(g) As you may be aware of, there are 3 proposals on the table.
(h) As you may be aware, there are 3 proposals on the table.
(i) This sentence should be stricken out.
(j) This sentence should be struck out.
(k) We suggest deleting the text.
(l) We suggest to delete the text.
(m) There is one more item on the agenda to discuss.
(n) It is one more item on the agenda to discuss.
(o) Against this background, we would argue as follows:-
(p) On this background, we would argue as follows:-
(q) We need to effect change.
(r) We need to affect change.
(s) This effects our country.
(t) This affects our country.
(u) Please see the amendment to the paragraph 15.
(v) Please see the amendment to paragraph 15.
(w) The Serbian delegation have…
(x) The Serbian delegation has…
(y) I have some comments on the agenda.
(z) I have some comments to the agenda.
Povežite izraz na levoj strani sa tačnom definicijom na desnoj strani tako što ćete u kolonu Answer upisati broj koji se nalazi ispred tačnog izraza.
KORISNE FRAZE ZA IZLAGANJE NA ENGLESKOM
Welcome and Introduction
- Good morning/afternoon/evening. My name’s ( ) and I represent ( )
- Good morning, for those of you who don’t know me, my name is ( )
- Good morning. I would like to start by saying just a few words about myself and my background. I graduated from the University of Belgrade in (1990) and joined the Ministry of ( ) in ( )
- Hello and it’s a pleasure to be here with you all.
- I’m very pleased to be here today. Thank you for inviting me.
- Thank you for inviting me here and giving me the opportunity to discuss this exciting issue with you.
Introducing Subject of Talk
- During the next 7 minutes I’m going to take you through the key recent developments within our field.
- I’d like to talk to you today about…
- I’m going to describe…….
- The subject/focus/topic of my talk/presentation is…
- We are here today to discuss/consider
- The purpose of this talk is to explain a little about…
- The aim of this talk is to give you a better idea of what we do in our organisation.
- This talk is designed to start you thinking about possible developments within the field of…...
- As you all know, there has been considerable discussion recently around the issue of …………..
Length of Talk
- My talk will last about 7 minutes.
- My presentation will take about an hour.
Explain Structure of Presentation
- I’ve divided my presentation into three parts/sections. They are…
- I will be looking at three main areas
- Firstly/first of all
- Secondly/then/next/thirdly/and then we come to
- Finally/lastly/last of all
Dealing with Questions
- Please interrupt me during my presentation if you have any questions.
- I’d be happy to take any questions at the end of my presentation.
- There will be time for questions at the end of my talk.
- I’d be grateful if you could leave any questions until the end of my talk.
Sequencing/Ordering Ideas
- Let me start by outlining the recent developments (to start by + ing).
- I’ll start with a brief description of our department (to start with + noun).
- My first main point covers recent developments.
- Firstly…secondly…..thirdly
- Then….next….finally/lastly
- I’ll look first at…
- Let’s move on to…
- That brings me to…
- I’d like to go back to…
Rhetorical and Interactive questioning
- I’d like to start with a question. How many of you have heard of ( ) ?
- Have you ever thought about how ( )?
- How many of you have taken a train to ( )?
- Who can tell me what is meant by the term ( )?
- Who can guess the number of people who ( )?
- How many of you agree with the following statement: ( )?
Referring to an overhead etc.
- As you can see from this overhead
- I’d like you to look at this graph.
- If you look at this slide, you can see…
- The interesting thing about this slide is…
- I’d like to draw your attention to…
Signalling the end of a presentation
- That brings me to the end of my presentation.
- I think that covers all I wanted to say today.
- Before I finish, let me just say…
- Well that about brings me to the end of my talk.
Summarizing
- To sum up
- To summarize the main points.
- In brief/in short
- Let me just run over the key points, again.
- Let’s just look again at the key points which we’ve now looked at.
Concluding
- In conclusion
- To conclude
- So to conclude, I would like to say that…
- I would like to leave you with this one thought…….
Closing
- Thank you for your attention.
- Thank you for listening.
- It’s been a pleasure talking to you all today.
Dealing with difficult questions
- That’s a good point, I’m glad you asked that question.
- Can I get back to you on that later? I’m afraid I don’t have the information to hand at present.
- I’m afraid that’s a bit outside my field.
- I’m not really qualified to answer that question, I’m afraid.
- There seem to be two main elements to your question.
- That’s an interesting question. Perhaps we could discuss it during the break?
- Would you mind rephrasing your question?
- I’m not quite sure I understand the question. Are you asking me whether ( )?
10 POINT STRATEGY FOR PRESENTING IN ENGLISH
1. Get your message across
It is estimated that 24 hours after listening to a speech, the audience will remember about 7% of what was actually said. 38% of the impact of a message will be vocal and 55% non verbal. These figures vary, depending on the research, but it is generally agreed that non-verbal and vocal communication leave a greater impression than the actual words used. In other words, the words only communicate a part of your message. The Chinese symbol for listening includes four elements: ear, eye, undivided attention, and heart. You need to capture the heart of your audience
2. KISS principle
Keep it simple! According to the KISS principle, simple systems work best. The same goes for presentations. Unless you are dealing with a highly technical issue, keep your language simple and your sentences short. That way, you will feel more relaxed talking and your audience will have a better chance of understanding you. It is not easy to make ourselves understood in any tongue. Overcomplicated language can block understanding, particularly when your audience is not made up of mother-tongue speakers. The plain English campaign website has a useful list of alternatives for complicated words. http://www.plainenglish.co.uk/alternative.pdf
3. Use signposting
As a passenger in a car, you like to know where you are going and the same goes for your audience. Let your audience know where you are taking them, by making effective use of signaling language. That way, your audience will feel more relaxed and able to listen to you.
4. Check pronunciation
If you are not sure how to pronounce a key word in your text, look it up before your presentation. Stumbling over difficult words may mean you lose the audience’s confidence. It can also make you difficult to understand. Check the phonetic spelling in a good dictionary or look at the Merriam-Webster online dictionary and listen to the correct pronunciation.
5. Use synonyms
Avoid getting stuck on one word and repeating it too many times during your presentation. Saying the same thing in slightly different ways helps you to get your message across. Use a good English-English dictionary to find alternatives. For example, instead of “huge” (which is difficult for Scandinavians to pronounce) try “considerable”, “significant”, “noticeable” etc.
6. Breathe
We often talk too fast when we are nervous, and can leave our audience trailing in our wake. Remember to breathe during your presentation and speak at a measured speed. Pause before an important point to maximize your impact. Don’t deliver your presentation as if you are in a hurry to catch a train!
7. Remember non-verbal & para-verbal communication
As stated above, only part of your message is conveyed through your words. Remember that your voice is an instrument and can be used to great effect. It is very easy to lose your audience’s attention during a presentation. Raise/lower your voice and alter the speed at which you are talking. Think about the following; good tone and voice quality, varied intonation, clear speech, how you are dressed, enthusiasm and positive body language that is consistent with the words you are using. All of these are independent of your ability to speak English.
8. Practice
It will help your confidence enormously if you have run through your presentation in advance at least once. Entertain friends and family or just yourself. You will get an idea of the overall impact if you practise your presentation in front of a mirror, or have the opportunity to film your presentation.
9. Throw away your script.
Our voices become monotonous when we read from a script and our energy is directed away from the audience. Practice with a script, if it helps you, but limit yourself to a few cue-cards with bullet points for your actual presentation. Your voice will sound much livelier, and it will be far easier for you to hold your audience’s attention.
10. Have fun!
Enjoy yourself, and your audience will relax and be with you. Forgetting a word here and there is not a matter of life and death. You always have the chance to improve your performance at your next presentation.
Useful link
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yl_FJAOcFgQ
